Journal Description
Polymers
Polymers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG), European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS), National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS) are affiliated with Polymers and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemistry )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.
- Testimonials: See what our authors and editors say about Polymers.
Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Eco-Friendly and High-Performance Bio-Polyurethane Adhesives from Vegetable Oils: A Review
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111613 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Current petrochemical-based adhesives adversely affect the environment through substantial volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during production, contributing to air pollution and climate change. In contrast, vegetable oils extracted from bio-resources provide a compelling alternative owing to their renewability, abundance, and compatibility with adhesive
[...] Read more.
Current petrochemical-based adhesives adversely affect the environment through substantial volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during production, contributing to air pollution and climate change. In contrast, vegetable oils extracted from bio-resources provide a compelling alternative owing to their renewability, abundance, and compatibility with adhesive formulation chemistry. This review aimed to critically examine and synthesize the existing scholarly literature on environmentally friendly, sustainable, and high-performance polyurethane adhesives (PUAs) developed from vegetable oils. The use of PUAs derived from vegetable oils promises to provide a long-term replacement while simultaneously maintaining or improving adhesive properties. This quality renders these adhesives appropriate for widespread use in various sectors, including construction, automotive manufacturing, packaging, textile, and footwear industries. This review intended to perform a comprehensive assessment and integration of the existing research, thereby identifying the raw materials, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in knowledge concerning vegetable oil-based PUAs. In doing so, it responded to these gaps and proposes potential avenues for future research. Therefore, this review accomplishes more than merely evaluating the existing research; it fosters the advancement of greener PUA technologies by identifying areas for improvement and innovation towards more sustainable industrial practices by showcasing vegetable oil-based PUAs as viable, high-performance alternatives to their petroleum-based counterparts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Biopolymer from Renewable Biomass)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Extraction of Nanocellulose from the Residue of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber for Anti-Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Application
by
Krairop Charoensopa, Kotchaporn Thangunpai, Peifu Kong, Toshiharu Enomae and Wat Ploysri
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111612 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Nanocellulose contains a large number of hydroxyl groups that can be used to modify its surface due to its structure. Owing to its appealing features, such as high strength, great stiffness, and high surface area, nanocellulose is currently gaining popularity in research and
[...] Read more.
Nanocellulose contains a large number of hydroxyl groups that can be used to modify its surface due to its structure. Owing to its appealing features, such as high strength, great stiffness, and high surface area, nanocellulose is currently gaining popularity in research and industry. The extraction of nanocellulose from the leftover bagasse fiber from sugarcane production by alkaline and acid treatment was successful in this study, with a production yield of 55.6%. The FTIR and XPS results demonstrated a difference in the functional and chemical composition of untreated sugarcane bagasse and extracted nanocellulose. SEM imaging was used to examined the size of the nanocellulose with ImageJ software v1.8.0. TGA, DTG, and XRD analyses were also performed to demonstrate the successful extraction of nanocellulose in terms of its morphology, thermal stability, and crystal structure before and after extraction. The anti-S. aureus activity of the extracted nanocellulose was discovered by using an OD600 test and a colony counting method, and an inhibitory rate of 53.12% was achieved. According to the results, nanocellulose produced from residual sugarcane bagasse could be employed as an antibacterial agent.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Biopolymer from Renewable Biomass)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
In Situ Generation of Nanoparticles on and within Polymeric Materials
by
Antonios Kelarakis
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111611 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
It is well-established that the structural, morphological and performance characteristics of nanoscale materials critically depend upon the dispersion state of the nanofillers that is, in turn, largely determined by the preparation protocol. In this report, we review synthetic strategies that capitalise on the
[...] Read more.
It is well-established that the structural, morphological and performance characteristics of nanoscale materials critically depend upon the dispersion state of the nanofillers that is, in turn, largely determined by the preparation protocol. In this report, we review synthetic strategies that capitalise on the in situ generation of nanoparticles on and within polymeric materials, an approach that relies on the chemical transformation of suitable precursors to functional nanoparticles synchronous with the build-up of the nanohybrid systems. This approach is distinctively different compared to standard preparation methods that exploit the dispersion of preformed nanoparticles within the macromolecular host and presents advantages in terms of time and cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness and the uniformity of the resulting composites. Notably, the in situ-generated nanoparticles tend to nucleate and grow on the active sites of the macromolecular chains, showing strong adhesion on the polymeric host. So far, this strategy has been explored in fabrics and membranes comprising metallic nanoparticles (silver, gold, platinum, copper, etc.) in relation to their antimicrobial and antifouling applications, while proof-of-concept demonstrations for carbon- and silica-based nanoparticles as well as titanium oxide-, layered double hydroxide-, hectorite-, lignin- and hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposites have been reported. The nanocomposites thus prepared are ideal candidates for a broad spectrum of applications such as water purification, environmental remediation, antimicrobial treatment, mechanical reinforcement, optical devices, etc.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart and Functional Polymers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles from Different Plant Sources
by
Isidora Ortega-Sanhueza, Victor Girard, Isabelle Ziegler-Devin, Hubert Chapuis, Nicolas Brosse, Francisca Valenzuela, Aparna Banerjee, Cecilia Fuentalba, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Camilo Torres, Alejando Méndez, César Segovia and Miguel Pereira
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111610 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR,
[...] Read more.
This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR, TEM, and DLS, were employed to assess both lignin and LNP properties. The antioxidant activity of the LNPs was evaluated as well. The results demonstrated the successful formation of spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm with initial lignin concentrations of 1 and 2%w/v. The study highlighted the crucial role of lignin purity in LNP formation and colloidal stability, noting that residual carbohydrates adversely affect efficiency. This method offers a straightforward, environmentally friendly approach using cost-effective solvents, applicable to diverse lignin sources. The innovation of this study lies in its demonstration of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to produce stable, nanometric-sized spherical LNPs. These LNPs have significant potential as reinforcement materials due to their reinforcing capability, hydrophilicity, and UV absorption. This work underscores the importance of starting material purity for optimizing the process and achieving the desired nanometric dimensions, marking a pioneering advancement in lignin-based nanomaterials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Lignin Research)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Oxidized Starch-Reinforced Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate Cured with High-Frequency Heating
by
Yanrui Li, Detao Kong, Qinghua Yang, Hao Sun, Yaolong He, Nenghui Zhang and Hongjiu Hu
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111609 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this research, an oxidized starch/styrene–butadiene rubber system with high capability of absorbing electromagnetic energy was adopted as the main component, the effect of oxidized starch content on the bonding and mechanical properties of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) after high-frequency curing was evaluated,
[...] Read more.
In this research, an oxidized starch/styrene–butadiene rubber system with high capability of absorbing electromagnetic energy was adopted as the main component, the effect of oxidized starch content on the bonding and mechanical properties of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) after high-frequency curing was evaluated, and the effect mechanisms were explored by combining thermodynamic tests and material characterization methods. Our findings revealed that the addition of oxidized starch enhanced the mechanical properties of API after high-frequency curing and the increase in the amount of oxidized starch enhanced the improvement effect of high-frequency curing on API bonding and mechanical properties. At 5 wt% oxidized starch, high-frequency curing improved API bonding properties by 18.0% and 17.3% under ambient conditions and after boiling water aging, respectively. An increase in oxidized starch content to 25 wt% increased enhancement to 25.1% and 26.4% for the above conditions, respectively. The enhancement effects of tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the API adhesive body were increased from 9.4% and 18.2% to 18.7% and 22.6%, respectively. The potential enhancement mechanism could be that oxidized starch could increase the dielectric loss of API, converting more electromagnetic energy into thermal energy creating more cross-linked structures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Characterization and Implementation of Cocoa Pod Husk as a Reinforcing Agent to Obtain Thermoplastic Starches and Bio-Based Composite Materials
by
Andrés Mauricio Holguín Posso, Juan Carlos Macías Silva, Juan Pablo Castañeda Niño, Jose Herminsul Mina Hernandez and Lety del Pilar Fajardo Cabrera de Lima
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111608 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
When the cocoa pod husk (CPH) is used and processed, two types of flour were obtained and can be differentiated by particle size, fine flour (FFCH), and coarse flour (CFCH) and can be used as a possible reinforcement for the development of bio-based
[...] Read more.
When the cocoa pod husk (CPH) is used and processed, two types of flour were obtained and can be differentiated by particle size, fine flour (FFCH), and coarse flour (CFCH) and can be used as a possible reinforcement for the development of bio-based composite materials. Each flour was obtained from chopping, drying by forced convection, milling by blades, and sieving using the 100 mesh/bottom according to the Tyler series. Their physicochemical, thermal, and structural characterization made it possible to identify the lower presence of lignin and higher proportions of cellulose and pectin in FFCH. Based on the properties identified in FFCH, it was included in the processing of thermoplastic starch (TPS) from the plantain pulp (Musa paradisiaca) and its respective bio-based composite material using plantain peel short fiber (PPSF) as a reinforcing agent using the following sequence of processing techniques: extrusion, internal mixing, and compression molding. The influence of FFCH contributed to the increase in ultimate tensile strength (7.59 MPa) and higher matrix–reinforcement interaction when obtaining the freshly processed composite material (day 0) when compared to the bio-based composite material with higher FCP content (30%) in the absence of FFCH. As for the disadvantages of FFCH, reduced thermal stability (323.57 to 300.47 °C) and losses in ultimate tensile strength (0.73 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (142.53 to 26.17 MPa) during storage progress were identified. In the case of TPS, the strengthening action of FFCH was not evident. Finally, the use of CFCH was not considered for the elaboration of the bio-based composite material because it reached a higher lignin content than FFCH, which was expected to decrease its affinity with the TPS matrix, resulting in lower mechanical properties in the material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Biomass-Based Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Investigations into the Material Characteristics of Selected Plastics Manufactured Using SLA-Type Additive Methods
by
Dominika Grygier, Adam Kurzawa, Mateusz Stachowicz, Karina Krawiec, Maksymilian Stępczak, Maciej Roszak, Mikołaj Kazimierczak, Dorota Aniszewska and Dariusz Pyka
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111607 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, the authors performed a strength analysis of seven groups of commercially available materials based on SLS incremental technology. Test samples were made with Original PRUSA SL1S printers, with 10 samples of each type from 7 resins selected for testing. The
[...] Read more.
In this study, the authors performed a strength analysis of seven groups of commercially available materials based on SLS incremental technology. Test samples were made with Original PRUSA SL1S printers, with 10 samples of each type from 7 resins selected for testing. The tests were carried out on an MTS Bionix machine in a static tensile test, during which the basic mechanical properties were determined. This is also a preliminary study to determine material constants in the Johnson-Cook strength model. The authors then performed numerical simulations to mirror the experimental tests in order to tune the rheological model. In addition, a fracture criterion was determined based on a hybrid FEM/SPH numerical method. This allowed for the expansion of material libraries currently used in numerical simulations, as well as the sensitivity of the materials’ models. In subsequent studies, in order to determine the nature of material destruction, analysis of fracture surfaces was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The final study was a biocompatibility test to assess the biological properties of the material. The conducted research made it possible to determine the strength properties of resins currently used in 3D printers, expand the libraries of material models in the computational environment (with an error rate of less than 5%), as well as observe the nature of the cracks formed and biocompatibility in the context of predicting the use of these materials for biomedical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Functional and Multi-Scale Aspects in Polymer Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Tuning Electro-Optical Characteristics through Polymerization Monomer Content in PSVA Liquid Crystal Displays: Simulation and Experimentation
by
Xiaoyu Zhang, Wei Lin, Jiezhen Liu, Jiangwen Liu and Can Weng
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111606 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The enhancement of display performance and durability in polymer-stabilized vertical alignment liquid crystal and the liquid crystal are negative liquid crystals, which can be vertically aligned under the action of a vertical orientation layer and an electric field. Devices (PSVA LCDs) are crucial
[...] Read more.
The enhancement of display performance and durability in polymer-stabilized vertical alignment liquid crystal and the liquid crystal are negative liquid crystals, which can be vertically aligned under the action of a vertical orientation layer and an electric field. Devices (PSVA LCDs) are crucial for advancing LCD technology. This study aims to investigate the electro-optical characteristics of PSVA LCDs by varying polymerization monomer concentrations. Using both simulations via TechWiz LCD 3D and experimental methods, such as polymer-induced phase separation, we developed an optoelectronic testing framework to assess voltage transmittance and response times. In our main findings, we show that an increase in polymeric monomer concentration from 3% to 7% resulted in a 67% increase in threshold voltage and a 44% decrease in saturation voltage. The on-state response time increased by about a factor of three, while the off-state response time decreased by about a factor of three. The alignment of our simulation results with experimental data validates our methodology, offering the potential of simulation tools as a pivotal resource in the PSVA LCDs. The alignment of our simulation results with experimental data validates our methodology, offering the potential of simulation tools as a pivotal resource in the PSVA LCDs. These advancements promise significant improvements in PSVA LCD performance and durability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Cremophor RH40, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, and Mixing Speed on Physicochemical Properties of Films Containing Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Furosemide Using the Box–Behnken Design
by
Pakorn Kraisit, Namon Hirun, Premjit Limpamanoch, Yongthida Sawaengsuk, Narumol Janchoochai, Ornpreeya Manasaksirikul and Sontaya Limmatvapirat
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111605 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the characteristics of H-K4M hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with furosemide. A hot homogenization technique and an ultrasonic probe were used to prepare and reduce the size of the NLCs. Films were made
[...] Read more.
This study aimed to examine the characteristics of H-K4M hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with furosemide. A hot homogenization technique and an ultrasonic probe were used to prepare and reduce the size of the NLCs. Films were made using the casting technique. This study used a Box–Behnken design to evaluate the influence of three key independent variables, specifically H-K4M concentration (X1), surfactant Cremophor RH40 concentration (X2), and mixing speed (X3), on the physicochemical properties of furosemide-loaded NLCs and films. The furosemide-loaded NLCs had a particle size ranging from 54.67 to 99.13 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 0.246 to 0.670. All formulations exhibited a negative zeta potential, ranging from −7.05 to −5.61 mV. The prepared films had thicknesses and weights ranging from 0.1240 to 0.2034 mm and 0.0283 to 0.0450 g, respectively. The drug content was over 85%. Film surface wettability was assessed based on the contact angle, ranging from 32.27 to 68.94°. Film tensile strength varied from 1.38 to 7.77 MPa, and their elongation at break varied from 124.19 to 170.72%. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the complete incorporation of the drug in the film matrix. Therefore, the appropriate selection of values for key parameters in the synthesis of HPMC films containing drug-loaded NLCs is important in the effective development of films for medical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Bio-Medical Polymers)
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Lithium-Ion Transport in Lithium Metal Batteries Using ZSM-5 Nanosheets Hybridized Solid Polymer Electrolytes
by
Xiaoyan Hu, Jialiang Liu and Baoquan Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111604 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are the key components of lithium metal batteries to overcome the obstacle of insecurity in conventional liquid electrolytes; however, the trade-off between their ionic conductivity and mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this work, two-dimensional ZSM-5 nanosheets as
[...] Read more.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are the key components of lithium metal batteries to overcome the obstacle of insecurity in conventional liquid electrolytes; however, the trade-off between their ionic conductivity and mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this work, two-dimensional ZSM-5 nanosheets as fillers are incorporated into a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix and lithium salts to obtain composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs). The improved physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the CPE membranes are characterized in full detail. Stripping/plating measurements in symmetric Li/Li cells and cyclic charge/discharge tests are performed to investigate the cyclability and stability of the CPEs. All-solid-state LiFePO4/Li batteries deliver excellent cycling performance with an initial discharge capacity of 152.3 mAh g−1 and 91.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.2 C, with a discharge specific capacity of 118.8 mAh g−1 remaining after 350 cycles at 0.5 C. Therefore, CPEs containing ZSM-5 nanosheets are a promising option for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Conductive Polymers in Energy Conversion and Storage)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A New Class of Chiral Polyethers and Polyesters Based on the [2.2]Paracyclophane Scaffold
by
Patrick Kern, Henrik Tappert and Stefan Bräse
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111603 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Over the past decades, the research on optically active polymers (OAPs) has significantly grown, and extensive studies have been carried out on their syntheses, conformations, and applications. The most commonly used OAPs are based on natural products such as sugars or amino acids,
[...] Read more.
Over the past decades, the research on optically active polymers (OAPs) has significantly grown, and extensive studies have been carried out on their syntheses, conformations, and applications. The most commonly used OAPs are based on natural products such as sugars or amino acids, which limits their scope. A broader range of applications can be achieved by synthesizing lab-tailored monomers, which allow precise control over structure and properties. This research developed a four-step synthetic route to a previously unreported chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based epoxide monomer. An aluminum catalyst and an alkylammonium initiating system were applied and optimized for its polymerization to provide access to a novel class of chiral polyethers. Furthermore, we demonstrated the copolymerization viability of the (4-[2.2]paracyclophanyl)oxirane monomer using phthalic anhydride.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation of Quick-Dissolving Nanofiber Face Masks Based on Needleless Electrostatic Spinning
by
Jingyi Hu, Xiaojie Chen, Jianmin Jiang, Renbiao Mai, Han Wang, Qiming Xu and Ting Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111602 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
As the global facial mask market continues to grow, consumers have put forward higher requirements for the functionality and ingredients of mask products. Ordinary facial masks mostly use ordinary non-woven fabrics as the mask base fabric and are used with essence. Preservatives are
[...] Read more.
As the global facial mask market continues to grow, consumers have put forward higher requirements for the functionality and ingredients of mask products. Ordinary facial masks mostly use ordinary non-woven fabrics as the mask base fabric and are used with essence. Preservatives are generally added. At the same time, they are susceptible to the influence of the external environment and are easily oxidized, causing the mask to deteriorate and cause skin allergic reactions. In addition, traditional facial masks have problems such as poor fit with the skin, poor breathability, insufficient absorption of nutrient solutions, and easy dripping. The high specific surface area and high porosity of a nanofiber mask prepared by electrospinning technology are beneficial to the skin’s absorption of nutrients, and it has good fit with the skin and strong breathability. A unique advantage of this nanofiber mask is that it uses spray. After the mask is sprayed with water or essence, the water-soluble polymer within it can be quickly dissolved, saving a lot of time. Nanofiber facial mask products can effectively solve consumer pain points and are conducive to the high-end development of facial masks. Therefore, this article combines needleless electrospinning technology to develop a new solid-state, preservative-free, quick-dissolving nanofiber facial mask that can be prepared on a large scale. Based on needleless electrospinning technology, this article deeply explores the process parameters and their influencing mechanisms for preparing nanofiber, quick-dissolving facial masks to achieve the stable preparation of nanofiber facial masks with the best morphology; a comprehensive analysis of the structure and influence of nanofiber facial masks from micro and macro perspectives demonstrates their performance and allows evaluation of them. The experimental results show that the mask morphology is optimal under the process conditions of using a spinning liquid of 20% collagen peptide solution, a spinning voltage of 30 kV, a collection distance of 19 cm, and a liquid supply speed of 130 mL/h.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Decay and Termite Resistance of Wood Modified by High-Temperature Vapour-Phase Acetylation (HTVPA), a Simultaneous Acetylation and Heat Treatment Modification Process
by
Zhong-Yao Wang, Jin-Wei Xu, Jian-Wei Liu, Ke-Chang Hung, Tung-Lin Wu, Wen-Shao Chang and Jyh-Horng Wu
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111601 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
High-temperature vapour-phase acetylation (HTVPA) is a simultaneous acetylation and heat treatment process for wood modification. This study was the first investigation into the impact of HTVPA treatment on the resistance of wood to biological degradation. In the termite resistance test, untreated wood exhibited
[...] Read more.
High-temperature vapour-phase acetylation (HTVPA) is a simultaneous acetylation and heat treatment process for wood modification. This study was the first investigation into the impact of HTVPA treatment on the resistance of wood to biological degradation. In the termite resistance test, untreated wood exhibited a mass loss (MLt) of 20.3%, while HTVPA-modified wood showed a reduced MLt of 6.6–3.2%, which decreased with an increase in weight percent gain (WPG), and the termite mortality reached 95–100%. Furthermore, after a 12-week decay resistance test against brown-rot fungi (Laetiporus sulfureus and Fomitopsis pinicola), untreated wood exhibited mass loss (MLd) values of 39.6% and 54.5%, respectively, while HTVPA-modified wood exhibited MLd values of 0.2–0.9% and −0.2–0.3%, respectively, with no significant influence from WPG. Similar results were observed in decay resistance tests against white-rot fungi (Lenzites betulina and Trametes versicolor). The results of this study demonstrated that HTVPA treatment not only effectively enhanced the decay resistance of wood but also offered superior enhancement relative to separate heat treatment or acetylation processes. In addition, all the HTVPA-modified wood specimens prepared in this study met the requirements of the CNS 6717 wood preservative standard, with an MLd of less than 3% for decay-resistant materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood and Wood-Based Composites: New Frontiers in Modification, Performance, and Sustainability)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Thermal Aging on Space Charge Characteristics and Electrical Conduction Behavior of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cable Insulation
by
Jie Yang, Ruizhe Li, Leiyu Hu and Weiwang Wang
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111600 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aging of cable insulation presents a significant threat to the safe operation of cables, with space charge serving as a crucial factor influencing cable insulation degradation. However, the characteristics related to space charge and conduction current behavior during thermal aging remain unclear.
[...] Read more.
The aging of cable insulation presents a significant threat to the safe operation of cables, with space charge serving as a crucial factor influencing cable insulation degradation. However, the characteristics related to space charge and conduction current behavior during thermal aging remain unclear. This study focused on the thermal aging of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) material and utilizes a combined pulse electro-acoustic (PEA) and conduction current testing system to analyze the space charge and conduction current characteristics in the sample under varying electric fields and temperatures. The average charge density, short-circuit residual electric field, electric field distortion rate, and conduction current were studied. The findings indicate that the space charge in the samples following thermal aging is predominantly governed by the injected charge. The amorphous region of XLPE decreases, while the cross-linking degree increases after aging, thereby facilitating charge carrier migration within the sample and reducing the generation of charge carriers through thermal pyrolysis. The minimum temperature required for charge injection is reduced by thermal aging. Furthermore, modifications in conduction current, residual electric field, and average charge density indicate that thermal aging has the potential to alter the microstructure and trap characteristics of XLPE. This study provides empirical evidence to elucidate the underlying mechanism of cable insulation aging.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Characterization, Measurement and Electrical Performance of Polymer and Composites Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Theory-Driven Tailoring of the Microenvironment of Quaternary Ammonium Binding Sites on Electrospun Nanofibers for Efficient Bilirubin Removal in Hemoperfusion
by
Xingyu Fu, Minsi Shi, Dingyang Chen, Xinyue Zhao, Tingting Jiang and Rui Zhao
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111599 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
Efficient adsorbents for excess bilirubin removal are extremely important for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. However, traditional adsorbents, such as activated carbons and ion-exchange resins, still suffer from dissatisfactory adsorption performance and poor blood compatibility. Herein, we adopted a rational design strategy guided by
[...] Read more.
Efficient adsorbents for excess bilirubin removal are extremely important for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. However, traditional adsorbents, such as activated carbons and ion-exchange resins, still suffer from dissatisfactory adsorption performance and poor blood compatibility. Herein, we adopted a rational design strategy guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations to prepare blood-compatible quaternary ammonium group grafted electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber adsorbents. The calculation analysis and adsorption experiments were used to investigate the structure–function relationship between group types and bilirubin adsorption, both indicating that quaternary ammonium groups with suitable configurations played a crucial role in bilirubin binding. The obtained nanofiber adsorbents showed the bilirubin removal efficiency above 90% even at a coexisting BSA concentration of 50 g L−1. The maximum adsorption capacities were 818.9 mg g−1 in free bilirubin solution and 163.7 mg g−1 in albumin bound bilirubin solution. The nanofiber adsorbents also showed considerable bilirubin removal in dynamic adsorption to reduce the bilirubin concentration to a normal level, which was better than commercial activated carbons. Our study demonstrates the high feasibility of a theory-driven design method for the development of grafted electrospun nanofibers, which have good potential as bilirubin adsorbents in hemoperfusion applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Application of Electrospun Fiber)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Properties of PA10T/PPO Blends Compatibilized with SEBS-g-MAH
by
Housheng Xia, Zhen Jiang, Jiaxiang Tang, Jiao Tang, Jianping Zhou, Zize Yang, Rongbo Zheng and Junfeng Niu
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111598 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Plant-derived PA10T is regarded as one of the most promising semi-aromatic polyamides; however, shortcomings, including low dimensional accuracy, high moisture absorption, and relatively high dielectric constant and loss, have impeded its extensive utilization. Polymer blending is a versatile and cost-effective method to fabricate
[...] Read more.
Plant-derived PA10T is regarded as one of the most promising semi-aromatic polyamides; however, shortcomings, including low dimensional accuracy, high moisture absorption, and relatively high dielectric constant and loss, have impeded its extensive utilization. Polymer blending is a versatile and cost-effective method to fabricate new polymeric materials with excellent comprehensive performance. In this study, various ratios of PA10T/PPO blends were fabricated via melt blending with the addition of a SEBS-g-MAH compatibilizer. Molau test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to study the influence of SEBS-g-MAH on the compatibility of PA10T and PPO. These studies indicated that SEBS-g-MAH effectively refines the domain size of the dispersed PPO phase and improves the dispersion stability of PPO particles within a hexafluoroisopropanol solvent. This result was attributed to the in situ formation of the SEBS-g-PA10T copolymer, which serves as a compatibilizer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the melting–crystallization behavior and thermal stability of blends closely resembled that of pure PA10T. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that as the PPO content increased, there was a decrease in the glass transition temperature and storage modulus of PA10T. The water absorption rate, injection molding shrinkage, dielectric properties, and mechanical strength of blends were also systematically investigated. As the PPO content increased from 10% to 40%, the dielectric loss at 2.5 GHz decreased significantly from 0.00866 to 0.00572, while the notched Izod impact strength increased from 7.9 kJ/m2 to 13.7 kJ/m2.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in Conductive Polymers-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
by
Youheng Pan, Jing Zhang, Xin Guo, Yarou Li, Lanlan Li and Lijia Pan
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111597 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors play a pivotal role in various fields, such as biomedicine and environmental detection, due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, stability, rapid response time, user-friendly operation, and ease of miniaturization and integration. In addition to the research conducted in the application field,
[...] Read more.
Electrochemical sensors play a pivotal role in various fields, such as biomedicine and environmental detection, due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, stability, rapid response time, user-friendly operation, and ease of miniaturization and integration. In addition to the research conducted in the application field, significant focus is placed on the selection and optimization of electrode interface materials for electrochemical sensors. The detection performance of these sensors can be significantly enhanced by modifying the interface of either inorganic metal electrodes or printed electrodes. Among numerous available modification materials, conductive polymers (CPs) possess not only excellent conductivity exhibited by inorganic conductors but also unique three-dimensional structural characteristics inherent to polymers. This distinctive combination allows CPs to increase active sites during the detection process while providing channels for rapid ion transmission and facilitating efficient electron transfer during reaction processes. This review article primarily highlights recent research progress concerning CPs as an ideal choice for modifying electrochemical sensors owing to their remarkable features that make them well-suited for biomedical and environmental applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Conducting Polymer Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Low-Waste Grafting Copolymerization Modification of Chitosan Is a Promising Approach to Obtaining Materials for Food Applications
by
Maria S. Lavlinskaya, Andrey V. Sorokin, Anastasia A. Mikhaylova, Egor I. Kuznetsov, Diana R. Baidamshina, Igor A. Saranov, Margaryta V. Grechkina, Marina G. Holyavka, Yuriy F. Zuev, Ayrat R. Kayumov and Valeriy G. Artyukhov
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111596 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Chitosan takes second place of the most abundant polysaccharides naturally produced by living organisms. Due to its abundance and unique properties, such as its polycationic nature, ability to form strong elastic porous films, and antibacterial potential, it is widely used in the food
[...] Read more.
Chitosan takes second place of the most abundant polysaccharides naturally produced by living organisms. Due to its abundance and unique properties, such as its polycationic nature, ability to form strong elastic porous films, and antibacterial potential, it is widely used in the food industry and biomedicine. However, its low solubility in both water and organic solvents makes its application difficult. We have developed an environmentally friendly method for producing water-soluble graft copolymers of chitosan and poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) with high grafting efficiency and a low yield of by-products. By using AFM, SEM, TGA, DSC, and XRD, it has been demonstrated that the products obtained have changed properties compared to the initial chitosan. They possess a smoother surface and lower thermal stability but are sufficient for practical use. The resulting copolymers have a higher viscosity than the original chitosan, making them a promising thickener and stabilizer for food gels. Moreover, the copolymers exhibit an antibacterial effect, suggesting their potential use as a component in smart food packaging.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development of Chitosan-Based Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Ultrafast Polymerization of a Self-Adhesive and Strain Sensitive Hydrogel-Based Flexible Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring and Handwriting Recognition
by
Bin Du, Mengwei Yin, Kenan Yang, Sainan Wang, Yiting Pei, Rubai Luo, Shisheng Zhou and Huailin Li
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111595 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices have great potential in human motion monitoring, electronic skins, and human-computer interaction applications; hence, the efficient preparation of highly sensitive hydrogel-based flexible sensors is important. In the present work, the ultrafast polymerization of a hydrogel (1–3 min) was achieved
[...] Read more.
Hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices have great potential in human motion monitoring, electronic skins, and human-computer interaction applications; hence, the efficient preparation of highly sensitive hydrogel-based flexible sensors is important. In the present work, the ultrafast polymerization of a hydrogel (1–3 min) was achieved by constructing a tannic acid (TA)-Fe3+ dynamic redox system, which endowed the hydrogel with good adhesion performance (the adhesion strength in wood was 17.646 kPa). In addition, the uniform dispersal ensured by incorporating polydopamine-decorated polypyrrole (PPy@PDA) into the hydrogel matrix significantly improved the hydrogel’s stretching ability (575.082%). The as-prepared PAM/CS/PPy@PDA/TA hydrogel-based flexible sensor had a high-fidelity low detection limit (strain = 1%), high sensitivity at small strains (GF = 5.311 at strain = 0–8%), and fast response time (0.33 s) and recovery time (0.25 s), and it was reliably applied to accurate human motion monitoring and handwriting recognition. The PAM/CS/PPy@PDA/TA hydrogel opens new horizons for wearable electronic devices, electronic skins, and human-computer interaction applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers: Interaction, Surface, Processing and Applications II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Cellulosic Pulps Isolated from Two Widespread Agricultural Wastes: Cotton and Sunflower Stalks
by
M. Dolores La Rubia, Sofía Jurado-Contreras, Francisco Javier Navas-Martos, Ángeles García-Ruiz, Francisca Morillas-Gutiérrez, Alberto J. Moya, Soledad Mateo and José Antonio Rodríguez-Liébana
Polymers 2024, 16(11), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111594 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Globally, huge amounts of cotton and sunflower stalks are generated annually. These wastes are being underutilized since they are mostly burned in the fields. So, in this work, we proposed a three-step method consisting of acid pre-treatment, alkaline hydrolysis, and bleaching for the
[...] Read more.
Globally, huge amounts of cotton and sunflower stalks are generated annually. These wastes are being underutilized since they are mostly burned in the fields. So, in this work, we proposed a three-step method consisting of acid pre-treatment, alkaline hydrolysis, and bleaching for the extraction of cellulose pulps. These pulps were characterized to assess their morpho-structural and thermal properties. The design of experiments and response surface methodology were used for the optimization of the acid pre-treatment in order to achieve maximum removal of non-cellulosic compounds and obtain pulps enriched in cellulose. For cotton stalks, optimal conditions were identified as a reaction time of 190 min, a reaction temperature of 96.2 °C, and an acid (nitric acid) concentration of 6.3%. For sunflower stalks, the optimized time, temperature, and acid concentration were 130 min, 73.8 °C, and 8.7%, respectively. The pulps obtained after bleaching contained more than 90% cellulose. However, special care must be taken during the process, especially in the acid pre-treatment, as it causes the solubilization of a great amount of material. The characterization revealed that the extraction process led to cellulose pulps with around 69–70% crystallinity and thermal stability in the range of 340–350 °C, ready to be used for their conversion into derivatives for industrial applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Polymer Materials: Cellulose, Lignin and Chitosan)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Polymers Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Bioengineering, JMMP, Materials, Micromachines, Polymers
Advances in Filament Engineering for Biomaterials
Topic Editors: Ming-Wei Chang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Hui-Min David WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Foods, Materials, Polymers, Sensors, Applied Sciences
Scientific Advances in STEM: Synergies to Achieve Success, 3rd Volume
Topic Editors: Yadir Torres Hernández, Ana María Beltrán Custodio, Manuel Félix ÁngelDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topic in
Analytica, Molecules, Nanomaterials, Polymers, Separations, Chemosensors
Nanomaterials in Green Analytical Chemistry
Topic Editors: George Zachariadis, Rosa Peñalver, Natalia ManousiDeadline: 15 August 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Fractal Fract, Polymers, Resources
Petroleum and Gas Engineering
Topic Editors: Xiaochun Wang, Yulong ZhaoDeadline: 31 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Polymers
Permanently Porous Polymers
Guest Editors: Marta Grochowicz, Magdalena Rogulska, Małgorzata MaciejewskaDeadline: 15 June 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Advances in Polymer-Based Materials for Energy Applications
Guest Editors: Chi-cheng Chiu, Ming-Tsung LeeDeadline: 25 June 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Surfaces and Interfaces of Polymer Composites
Guest Editors: Inge Mühlbacher, Matej Bracic, Thomas LuxbacherDeadline: 15 July 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion II
Guest Editor: Jung-Chang WangDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Progress in Theory of Polymers at Interfaces
Collection Editors: Jens-Uwe Sommer, Martin Kröger
Topical Collection in
Polymers
State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Poland (2021,2022)
Collection Editors: Marek M. Kowalczuk, Mirosława El Fray, Łukasz Klapiszewski, Dorota Neugebauer, Michał Cegłowski
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Proteins and Peptides
Collection Editors: Horia Iovu, Vladimir N. Uversky