| 000 | 02260nam a2200253Ia 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 000 | 02583naaa 00301uu | ||
| 001 | https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/67178 | ||
| 005 | 20260218105925.0 | ||
| 008 | 211013s9999 xx 000 0 und d | ||
| 020 | _a9781839684104 | ||
| 024 | _a10.5772/intechopen.74912 | ||
| 042 | _adc | ||
| 100 | 1 | _aMarappa Gounder, Ramasamy | |
| 245 | 0 | _aProcessing of Heavy Crude Oils : Challenges and Opportunities | |
| 260 |
_bIntechOpen _c2019 |
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| 300 | _a1 electronic resource (272 p.) | ||
| 520 | _aUnconventional heavy crude oils are replacing the conventional light crude oils slowly but steadily as a major energy source. Heavy crude oils are cheaper and present an opportunity to the refiners to process them with higher profit margins. However, the unfavourable characteristics of heavy crude oils such as high viscosity, low API gravity, low H/C ratio, chemical complexity with high asphaltenes content, high acidity, high sulfur and increased level of metal and heteroatom impurities impede extraction, pumping, transportation and processing. Very poor mobility of the heavy oils, due to very high viscosities, significantly affects production and transportation. Techniques for viscosity reduction, drag reduction and in-situ upgrading of the crude oil to improve the flow characteristics in pipelines are presented in this book. The heavier and complex molecules of asphaltenes with low H/C ratios present many technological challenges during the refining of the crude oil, such as heavy coking on catalysts. Hydrogen addition and carbon removal are the two approaches used to improve the recovery of value-added products such as gasoline and diesel. In addition, the heavy crude oil needs pre-treatment to remove the high levels of impurities before the crude oil can be refined. This book introduces the major challenges and some of the methods to overcome them. | ||
| 540 | _aCreative Commons | ||
| 653 | _aPetroleum technology | ||
| 700 | 1 | _aMarappa Gounder, Ramasamy | |
| 856 |
_uhttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yKIrdCPDAG_9c22mwoOIO2DOhtj65Wqa/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=106555315294820607512&rtpof=true&sd=true _yList of Curated E-Books |
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| 942 | _cE-BOOK | ||
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_c51439 _d51439 |
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